PART 1: Introduction to Clinical Medicine
e4 Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care
 | Figure e4-1 Age-adjusted death rates for selected causes by race and Hispanic origin, 2005. (From U.S. Census Bureau, 2009.) |
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 | Figure e4-2 Recommended hospital care received by Medicare patients with pneumonia, by race/ethnicity, 2006. Reference population is Medicare beneficiaries with pneumonia who are hospitalized. Composite is calculated by averaging the percentage of the population that received each of the five incorporated components of care. |
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 | Figure e4-3 Referral for evaluation at a transplantation center or placement on a waiting list or receipt of a renal transplantation within 18 months after the start of dialysis among patients who wanted a transplant, according to race and sex. Reference population is 239 black women, 280 white women, 271 black men, and 271 white... |
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 | Figure e4-4 Racial differences in guideline-based treatments for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Reference population is 2,515,106 patients with AMI admitted to U.S. hospitals between July 1990 and December 2006. CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention. (From ED Peterson et al: Am Heart J 156:1045, 2008.) |
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 | Figure e4-5 Racial trends in age-adjusted total knee replacement in Medicaid enrollees from 2000 to 2006. Reference population are Medicaid part A enrollees who are aged 65 or older and are not members of a managed care plan. (From Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009.) |
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 | Figure e4-6 The link between effective communication, patient satisfaction, adherence, and health outcomes. (From Institute of Medicine: Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Washington, DC, National Academy Press, 2002.) |
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 | Figure e4-7 Communication difficulties with physicians, by race/ethnicity. Reference population is 6722 Americans age 18 and older who had a medical visit in the last 2 years and were asked whether they had trouble understanding their doctors, whether they felt the doctors did not listen, and whether they had medical questions... |
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 | Figure e4-8 Patient perspectives regarding unfair treatment, based on race/ethnicity. Reference population is 3884 individuals surveyed about how fairly they have been treated in the health care system in the past, and how fairly they feel they will be treated in the future based on their race/ethnicity. |
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