PART 11: Disorders of the Respiratory System
SECTION 2 Diseases of the Respiratory System
254 Asthma
 | Figure 254-1 Histopathology of a small airway in fatal asthma. The lumen is occluded with a mucous plug, there is goblet cell metaplasia, and the airway wall is thickened, with an increase in basement membrane thickness and airway smooth muscle. (Courtesy of Dr. J. Hogg,... |
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 | Figure 254-2 Inflammation in the airways of asthmatic patients leads to airway hyperresponsiveness and symptoms. So2, sulfur dioxide. |
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 | Figure 254-3 The pathophysiology of asthma is complex with participation of several interacting inflammatory cells, which result in acute and chronic inflammatory effects on the airway. |
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 | Figure 254-4 Many cells and mediators are involved in asthma and lead to several effects on the airways. |
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 | Figure 254-5 Chemokines in asthma. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and other triggers of airway epithelial cells release thymus and activationregulated chemokine (TARC, CCL17) and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC, CCL22) from epithelial cells that attract TH2 cells via activation... |
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 | Figure 254-6 Pharmacokinetics of inhaled corticosteroids. |
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 | Figure 254-7 Stepwise approach to asthma therapy according to the severity of asthma and ability to control symptoms. ICS, inhaled corticosteroids; LABA, long-acting β2-agonist; OCS, oral corticosteroid. |
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