PART 2: Cardinal Manifestations and Presentation of Diseases
SECTION 7 Alterations in Renal and Urinary Tract Function
44 Azotemia and Urinary Abnormalities
 | Figure 44-1 Approach to the patient with azotemia. FeNa, fractional excretion of sodium; GBM, glomerular basement membrane; RBC, red blood cell; WBC, white blood cell. |
view large |
 | Figure 44-2 Approach to the patient with hematuria. ANCA, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody; ASLO, antistreptolysin O; CT, computed tomography; GBM, glomerular basement membrane; IVP, intravenous pyelography; RBC, red blood cell; UA, urinalysis; VDRL, Venereal Disease Research Laboratory; WBC, white blood cell. |
view large |
 | Figure 44-3 Approach to the patient with proteinuria. Investigation of proteinuria is often initiated by a positive dipstick on routine urinalysis. Conventional dipsticks detect predominantly albumin and provide a semiquantitative assessment (trace, 1+, 2+, or 3+), which is influenced by urinary concentration as reflected by urine... |
view large |
 | Figure 44-4 Approach to the patient with polyuria. ADH, antidiuretic hormone; ATN, acute tubular necrosis. |
view large |
